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Brazil’s Supreme Court Approves Racial Quotas

May 4, 2012

by Paulo Rogério

Please find the original text below, submitted in Portuguese.

A 10–0 decision by Brazil’s Supreme Court, O Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) on April 26 was a landmark verdict for Brazil’s Afro-descendant population. The STF approved the incentive program for black and underprivileged students to attend college in Brazil, ProUni (Programa Universidade para Todos—University Program for All); after the end of slavery and the passage of the Racial Equality Law, this was the most important public policy addressing the Afro-Brazilian population. 

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The challenge to ProUni’s constitutionality was filed by the Democratas party, which argued that the universities’ adoption of the system violated constitutional principles of equality. On the other hand, social organizations claimed that quotas are a mechanism to reverse historic exclusion and create opportunities for thousands of descendants of African slaves. In 2003, only 3 percent of Afro-Brazilians had a university degree; in 2010 this number was 10 percent. These figures pale in comparison to the actual number of Afro-Brazilians: 51 percent of the population, according to the latest census.

The approval of quotas marks the end of a decade-plus debate in Brazil—one that saw biased opposition to the system by the mainstream media outlets, despite strong support from the Afro-Brazilian rights movement. The media’s opposition contradicted public opinion: Datafolha polls from 2006 and 2008 showed that the 65 and 62 percent, respectively, of Brazilians actually supported the affirmative action plan.

During the court’s STF’s deliberations, Afro-Brazilian groups undertook a historic social media mobilization through Twitter, by creating a hashtag #CotasSim. On April 25 it was the most talked-about trend on Twitter in Brazil and even attracted attention of admirers abroad, such as prominent African-American actor Danny Glover.

From now on, the concern of anti-racism activists is a “post-quota” one—that is, how these young people will be integrated into formal labor markets or obtain credit to open businesses. Quotas are the first step to assert rights of Brazil’s black community in the ongoing fight for equality.

No Brasil, Supremo Tribunal Aprova Cotas Raciais

O último dia 26 de abril vai entrar para a história brasileira. Depois da promulgação da Lei Áurea e da aprovação do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, em nenhum outro momento o Estado Brasileiro se pronunciou de forma tão positiva quanto à melhoria das consições de vida dos afrodescendentes.  Por 10 votos a favor e nenhum contrário, o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) considerou constitucional e legítimo o sistema de Cotas e o PROUNI—programa de incentivo para a entrada de alunos negros e pobres nas universidades.

A ação de inconstitucionalidade do sistema de Ações Afirmativas nas universidades foi movida pelo partido conservador Democratas (DEM) com o argumento de que, ao adotar essas ações, as universidades feriam o princípio constitucional da igualdade. Por outro lado, as organizações sociais afirmavam que as cotas são um mecanismo para reverter uma exclusão histórica e gerar oportunidades para milhares de pessoas descendentes de escravizados.  Em 2003, apenas 3 por cento de afrodescendentes possuíam ensino superior, em 2010, esse número não chegava a 10 por cento. A população negra, segundo dados do último censo do IBGE, é de aproximadamente 51 por cento.

A aprovação do sistema das Cotas marca o fim de um debate de pelo menos uma década no Brasil, no qual, em geral, a grande mídia foi contra as Cotas e Ações Afirmativas, afirmando suas posições tanto por meio de matérias, que tendenciosamente não ouviam fontes do Movimento Negro, ou por editoriais apelativos. Essa postura contrariava os resultados de pesquisas, que mostravam que a maioria da população era favorável às Ações Afirmativas—nas pesquisas do Datafolha de 2006 e 2008, respectivamente 65 por cento e 62 por cento dos brasileiros apontaram que apoiam as cotas para negros em universidades públicas.

Nos dias do debate do STF, organizações do Movimento Negro fizeram outra mobilização histórica, criaram um movimento no Twitter usando a hashtag #CotasSim, que se tornou em 25 de abril de 2012 o assunto mais comentado do Twitter no Brasil. Diferente da grande mídia, nas redes sociais, a população brasileira fez valer a sua opinião sobre as Cotas e ganhou adeptos como Danny Glover, ator afroamericano.   

A partir de agora a preocupação dos ativistas da luta antirracismo é com o pós-cotas, ou seja, como esses jovens serão incluídos no Mercado de Trabalho ou terão acesso a crédito para abrirem seus negócios. As Cotas são o primeiro passo para afirmação de direitos da comunidade negra. A luta é grande, afinal  séculos de exclusão marcaram a história do Brasil.

Tags: Brazil, Education, Social inclusion, Affirmative Action, Afro-Brazilians

To speak with an expert on this topic, please contact the communications office at: communications@as-coa.org or (212) 277-8384.
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To speak with an expert on this topic, please contact the communications office at: communications@as-coa.org or (212) 277-8384.

 
 

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