Politics, Business & Culture in the Americas

Endnotes: Sustaining Security: Community Policing in the Americas

Below are the endnotes for “Sustaining Security: Community Policing in the Americas” by Nancy E. Brune (Winter 2014 AQ.)

  1. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Global Study on Homicide. 2011. <www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_homicide_2011_web.pdf> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Global Study on Homicide. 2011. <http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_homicide_2011_web.pdf> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  3. World Bank. Crime and Violence in Central America. 2011. <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2744> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  4. Lisa Denney and Sarah Jenkins. Securing Communities: The what and how of community policing.  Overseas Development Institute. July 2013. <http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7633-community-policing> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  5. Washington Office on Latin America. Tackling urban violence in Latin America; reversing exclusion through smart policing and social investment. June 2011.
  6. Hannah Stone, “El Salvador Cuts Murders, But Where is Police Reform?” Insight Crime. April 2012.
  7. Tackling urban violence in Latin America; reversing exclusion through smart policing and social investment. Washington Office on Latin America. June 2011.
  8. RTI International. Wireless Security System Project Expands to San Salvador’s Metropolitan Area. September 2012. <http://rti.org/newsroom/news.cfm?obj=E517D7F8-5056-B100-31D11503646ECBAB> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  9. Washington Office on Latin America. Tackling urban violence in Latin America; reversing exclusion through smart policing and social investment. June 2011.
  10. Partnership for Growth: El Salvador-United States. <http://photos.state.gov/libraries/elsavador/92891/PFG/PFG%20-%20Six%20Month%20Scorecard%202012.pdf> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  11. Embassy of the U.S. San Salvador, Model Precinct shows 40% drop in homicides.
  12. U.S. Government. INCAE and Woodrow Wilson Private Sector Initiative to Address Crime and Insecurity in Central America. Remarks by Maria Otero, April 2012. <www.state.gov/j/188146.htm> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  13. Regional Security Cooperation: An Examination of the Central American Security Initiative (CARSI) and the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI).  United States House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere. June 19, 2013.
  14. Rafael Fernández de Castro, Enrique Desmond Arias, Gema Santamaría. “Violence in Mexico: Samba Better than Cumbia.” Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica. 19 March 2013.
  15. Note: Brazil’s police force is known as the Military Police. While the Military Police is no longer part of the country’s Armed Forces and is controlled by state governments, it retains its military-style organization and subject to the military justice system.
  16. Leandro Piquet Carneiro, “The Politics of Pacification in Rio de Janeiro: A study in leadership and innovation.” Working Paper.  Harvard University JFK. 2012.
  17. Rafael Fernández de Castro, Enrique Desmond Arias, Gema Santamaría. “Violence in Mexico: Samba Better than Cumbia.” Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica. 19 March 2013.
  18. “Brazilian special forces take control of Rio ‘favelas’ close to the airport and seaport.” Mercopress. March 4, 2013. <http://en.mercopress.com/2013/03/04/brazilian-special-forces-take-control-of-rio-favelas-close-to-the-airport-and-seaport> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  19. “Brazil police accused of torturing 22 in Rio slum.” October 6, 2013. <www.interaksyon.com/article/72134/brazil-police-accused-of-torturing-22-in-rio-slum> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  20. Matthew Elliott, “Female UPP Leader Named in Rocinha.” Rio Times. September 10, 2013. <http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/female-upp-leader-named-in-rocinha/> (accessed January 16, 2014).
  21. Rafael Fernández de Castro, Enrique Desmond Arias, Gema Santamaría. “Violence in Mexico: Samba Better than Cumbia.” Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica. 19 March 2013.
  22. Rafael Fernández de Castro, Enrique Desmond Arias, Gema Santamaría. “Violence in Mexico: Samba Better than Cumbia.” Foreign Affairs Latinoamerica. 19 March 2013.
  23. “Alcaldía de Sucre inició el plan Puntos Calientes para “reforzar la seguridad” en el municipio.” Noticas 24 Venezuela, September 19, 2013. <www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/194588/alcaldia-de-sucre-inicio-el-plan-puntos-calientes-para-reforzar-la-seguridad-en-el-municipio> (accessed January 16, 2014)
  24. Rachel Boothroyd. “Venezuelan Government Launches New Crime-Fighting Mission.” Venezuelaanalysis.com, June 22, 2012. <http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/7070> (accessed January 16, 2014)
  25. “PNB to be deployed in eight Venezuelan states in 2011.”  Agencia Venezolana de Noticias. December 21, 2010. <www.avn.info.ve/contenido/pnb-be-deployed-eight-venezuelan-states-2011> (accessed January 16, 2014)
  26. Angel Alvarez. Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Venezuela. Freedom House. <www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/inline_images/VENEZUELA.pdf > (accessed January 16, 2014)
  27. “Chávez Approves $409 million for Expansion of Venezuela’s Bolivarian Police Force.” Venezuelananalysis.com. March 26, 2012, <http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/6893>
  28. Rachel Boothroyd. “Venezuelan Government Launches New Crime-Fighting Mission.” June 22, 2012.  <http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/7070>
  29. Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. New Mission to Promote Citizen Security Launched Today. June 20, 2012. <venezuela-us.org/2012/06/20/new-mission-to-promote-citizen-security-launched-today> (accessed January 16, 2014)
  30. Maria de Lourdes Vasquez Benitez, “Debilidad institucional signa la inseguridad en Venezuela.” El Universal online. 2012. <www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/elecciones-2012/121007/debilidad-institucional-signa-la-inseguridad-en-venezuela>
  31. Simon Romero, “Venezuela, more deadly than Iraq, wonders why.” The New York Times. August 22, 2010.
  32. Reuters, “Venezuela’s Maduro sends military to fight crime in Caracas streets.” May 13, 2013. <www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/14/us-venezuela-crime-idUSBRE94D01120130514>
  33. Simon Romero, “Venezuela, more deadly than Iraq, wonders why.” The New York Times. August 22, 2010.
  34. Susanne Gratius and Marcelo Valenca. Urban Violence in Caracas and Rio de Janeiro: Local and European responses. Initiative for Peacebuilding. December 2011.
  35.  Sarah Kinosian. Countering Militarized Public Security in Latin America: Understanding the Trend in Venezuela. Center for International Policy. November 12, 2013.
  36. Mark Unger, “In the Crossfire: Police Reform in Central America.” World Politics Review. 28 May 2013. <www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/12977/in-the-crossfire-police-reform-in-central-america>
  37. Marguerite Cawley, “100s of Guatemalan Community Police Groups Operate Illegally,” Insight Crime. June 20, 2013.
  38. Washington Office on Latin America. Tackling urban violence in Latin America; reversing exclusion through smart policing and social investment. June 2011.
  39. Paulo A Paranagua, “Latin America struggles to cope with record urban growth.” The Guardian. September 11, 2012. <www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/11/latin-america-urbanisation-city-growth>
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