Politics, Business & Culture in the Americas

Endnotes: Protecting Truth from Power: 15 Years of The Special Rapporteur For Freedom of Expression

Below are the endnotes from “Protecting Truth from Power: 15 Years of The Special Rapporteur For Freedom of Expression” by Santiago A. Canton (Fall 2013 AQ.)

  1. Santiago Canton, “Role of the OAS Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression in Promoting Democracy in the Americas,” University of Miami Law Review 26 (2) (January 2002): 307-328.
  1. “Informe Annual de Periodistas: Retroceso para la Libertad de Prensa,”Clarín.com, December 19, 1997, <http://edant.clarin.com/diario/1997/12/19/t-01701d.htm> (accessed September 11, 2013).

Horacio Verbitsky, “La Violencia Contra la Prensa Argentina y la Reacción Popular son Símbolos Mundiales: Noticias de Nueva York,” Página 12, March 29, 1998, <http://www.pagina12.com.ar/1998/98-03/98-03-29/pag11.htm>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

Luis Bruschtein, “Menem Condicionó su Visita a La Habana,” Página 12, April 19, 1998, <http://www.pagina12.com.ar/1998/98-04/98-04-19/pag08.htm>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

  1. En el Comunicado de Prensa 13797 al finalizar el Periodo de Sesiones de Octubre, la CIDH expreso: “Asimismo, la Comisión consideró la importancia que tiene en el hemisferio la libertad de expresión como fundamento del sistema democrático de gobierno y como garantía del ejercicio de las libertades públicas y los derechos humanos, por lo que durante el presente período de sesiones, decidió la creación de una relatoría sobre Libertad de Expresión, cuyo mandato y propósito será definido en su próxima sesión ordinaria.”
  1. The civil society seminar during the Summit was organized by the Freedom Forum Committee to Protect Journalists, the Inter American Press Association and the Argentine nongovernmental organization, Periodistas.  The panelists included journalists, members of the IACHR and human rights activists from the Americas: Suzanne Bilello, Rosental Calmon Alves, Danilo Arbilla, Katia Gil, Gustavo Gorriti, Alejandro Guillier Alvarez, Paul Knox, Javier Darío Restrepo, Joel Simon, Cecilia Valenzuela, José Miguel Vivanco, Jorge Zepeda, Jorge Taiana, Carlos Ayala and Claudio Grossman.
  1. Santiago Canton, “Declaration of Santiago,” Summit of the Americas Secretariat, April 18-19, 1998, <http://www.summit-americas.org/chiledec.htm>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Rapporteurship on the Rights of Women, Rapporteurship on the Rights of Migrants, Rapporteurship on the Rights of the Child, Rapporteurship on Human Rights Defenders, Rapporteurship on the Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty and Rapporteurship on the Rights of Afro-Descendants and against Racial Discrimination.
  1. “Capítulo I – Informes Generales,” Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Relatoría Especial para la Libertad de Expresión, <http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/expresion/showarticle.asp?artID=622&lID=2>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. “Country Visits,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/activities/countries.asp>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. “Press Release Number 20/98,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, November 13, 1998, <http://www.cidh.org/Comunicados/English/1998/Press20-98.htm>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. “Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights 1998 OEA/Ser.L/V/II.102 Doc. 6 rev.,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, April 16, 1999, <http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/98eng/Table%20of%20Contents.htm>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. “Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression, <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/showarticle.asp?artID=26&lID=1>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1.  “Background and Interpretation of the Declaration of Principles,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression, <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/showarticle.asp?artID=132&lID=1>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. “Santiago, Veintitrés de Septiembre de Dos Mil Diez,” Tribunal Constitucional de Chile, September 23, 2010, <http://www.tribunalconstitucional.cl/wp/ver.php?id=1571>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

“Sentencia del 16 de Diciembre del 2006, No. 91,” Suprema Corte de Justicia de la   República Domincana,   December 16, 2005, <http://www.suprema.gov.do/sentscj/sentencia.asp?B1=VR&llave=114130091>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

“Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression, <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/showarticle.asp?artID=26&lID=1>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

  1. “Press Release 17/99,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression, <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/showarticle.asp?artID=8&lID=1>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. “Joint Declaration on the Right to Freedom of Expression Generally, Regulation and Responsibility of the Media, Access to Information, Defamation and Prevention and Investigation of Attacks Against Freedom of Expression,” Article 19, November 26, 1999, <http://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/3042/en/#sthash.KOUDeC6B.dpuf>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Ivcher Bronstein v Peru, Series C, Nº 74, Judgment of February 6, 2001.
  1. “Indirect Restrictions,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression, <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/showarticle.asp?artID=155&lID=1>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. Fernando Guier and Luis Manuel Botello, “Media and Freedom of Expression in the Americas,” International Center for Journalists, 2004, <http://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/Freedom_Expression.pdf>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Herrera-Ulloa v. Costa Rica, Judgment of July 2, 2004.
  1. Santiago Canton, “Role of the OAS Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression in Promoting Democracy in the Americas,” University of Miami Law Review 26 (2) (January 2002): 307-328.
  1. Ekaterina Sivolobova, “Costa Rica: Illegitimate Restrictions on Freedom of Expression,” Jurist, December 1, 2009, <http://jurist.org/dateline/2009/12/costa-rica-illegitimate-restrictions-on.php>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. Ibid.
  1. Jo M. Pasqualucci, The Practice and Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 322.
  1. “Claude Reyes v. Chile,” Open Society Foundations, April 20, 2009, <http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/litigation/claude-reyes-v-chile>, (accessed September 11, 2013).
  1. Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Claude Reyes et al. v. Chile, Judgment of September 19, 2006.
  1. “6 – Chapter V – “Desacato” Laws and Criminal Defamation,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression, <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/showarticle.asp?artID=310&lID=1>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

“Contempt for Press Freedoms,” Chicago Tribune, November 20, 2011, <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-11-20/news/0411200101_1_desacato-laws-journalists>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

Danielle Rowell, The Power of Ideas: A Political Social-Psychological Theory of Democracy, Political Development and Political Communication, (Boca Raton: Dissertation.com, 2011), 232-233.

Eric Green, “Enforcement of “Insult” Laws Declining in Western Hemisphere, But Venezuela is Increasing Pressure to Stifle Press Criticism,” U.S. Department of State, IIP Digital, April 24, 2006, <http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2006/04/20060424141254aeneerg1.250857e-02.html#axzz2ajBEx4dG>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

Gabriela Manuli, “Location Matters: Online Defamation in Latin America,” Global Voices Advocacy, March 5, 2013, <http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2013/03/05/location-matters-online-defamation-in-latin-america/>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

“Defamation Laws in Mexico,” Kelly/Warner International Defamation Laws Database, <http://kellywarnerlaw.com/mexico-defamation-laws/>, (accessed September 11, 2013).

“Latin America: Free Expression and the Law in 2011,” Article 19, March 1, 2012, <http://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/2979/en/>,  (accessed September 11, 2013).

  1. Over the last 15 years the attack and support of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression by the governments of the hemisphere has constantly shifted.  The current reform process has Ecuador and Venezuela as the leading voices to weaken the Special Rapporteur.
Sign up for our free newsletter